Squares in Squares
Göbel squares
SVG, high-precision, and categorized list by David Ellsworth
based on original compiled by Erich Friedman

This is a list of Göbel square packings, shown alongside their alternative packings or rearrangements. For the main list, see Squares in Squares.

Where the word "alternative" is used, this designates an alternative packing, which is enclosed within the same-sized bounding square as another packing, but cannot be reached by continuously translating and/or rotating the squares in that packing. When the packing can be reached by such continuous transformations, the word "rearrangement" is used.

For more information on each packing, view its SVG's source code.

Generalizing from Frits Göbel's findings, if $a,b \in \mathbb{Z}^+$ satisfy $a\!-\!1 \lt {1\over 2}b\sqrt 2 \lt a\!+\!1$, then $n = 2(a\!+\!1)a\!+\!b^2$ unit squares can be packed inside a square of side $s = a\!+\!1\!+\!{1\over 2}b\sqrt 2$. This is accomplished by placing a $b\!×\!b$ square of squares at a $45°$ angle in the center, surrounded by four "staircases" each having $a$ steps. This is better than a trivial packing iff $s \lt \bigl\lceil \sqrt{n} \bigr\rceil$.

David Ellsworth found that the arrangement in which all four corner squares of the $b\!×\!b$ square are unrotated is attainable iff $0 \, \le \, {1\over 2}b\sqrt 2 - a \, \le \, 2\sqrt 2-2$, and is an alternative packing iff $4 - b + (a - {5\over 4})\sqrt 2 - {1\over 2}\sqrt 5 \lt 0$, which is the case for $s(28)$, $s(1544)$, $s(4009)$, $s(9465)$, $s(14716)$, $s(32149)$, $s(41340)$, $s(56308)$, $s(68285)$, $s(101956)$, etc.

Zoom:


5.
$s = 2 + { 1\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{2.70710678118654}$
Rigid.
Proved by Frits Göbel
in early 1979.


28.

$s = 3 + 2 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{5.82842712474619}$
Found by Frits Göbel
in early 1979.
$s = 3 + 2 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{5.82842712474619}$
Rigid alternative with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in June 2023.


40.
$s = 4 + 2 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{6.82842712474619}$
Rigid.
Found by Frits Göbel
in early 1979.


65.

$s = 5 + { 5\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{8.53553390593273}$
Found by Frits Göbel
in early 1979.
$s = 5 + { 5\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{8.53553390593273}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in June 2023.


89.

$s = 5 + { 7\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{9.94974746830583}$
Found by Evert Stenlund in 1980,
by extending a pattern found
by Frits Göbel in early 1979.
$s = 5 + { 7\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{9.94974746830583}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in June 2023.


109.
$s = 6 + { 7\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{10.94974746830583}$
Extends a pattern found
by Frits Göbel in early 1979.


124.

$s = 6 + 4 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{11.65685424949238}$ $s = 6 + 4 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{11.65685424949238}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares.


148.
$s = 7 + 4 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{12.65685424949238}$


233.

$s = 8 + {11\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{15.77817459305202}$ $s = 8 + {11\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{15.77817459305202}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.


265.

$s = 9 + {11\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{16.77817459305202}$ $s = 9 + {11\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{16.77817459305202}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.


376.
$s = 10 + {14\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{19.89949493661166}$


416.
$s = 11 + {14\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{20.89949493661166}$


445.

$s = 11 + {15\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{21.60660171779821}$ $s = 11 + {15\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{21.60660171779821}$
Rearrangement with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.



1544.

$s = 20 + 14\sqrt 2 = \Nn{39.79898987322333}$ $s = 20 + 14\sqrt 2 = \Nn{39.79898987322333}$
Alternative with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.


1624.
$s = 21 + 14 \sqrt 2 = \Nn{40.79898987322333}$


1765.

$s = 22 + {29\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{42.50609665440987}$
Not optimal.
$s = 🔒 = \Nn{42.48797851186022}$ $2s^4-212s^3+8129s^2-148140s+1362276=0$
Found by Károly Hajba
in November 2024.
Improved by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.
Beats the Göbel square.



4009.


$s = 32 + {45\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{63.81980515339463}$
Not optimal.
$s = 32 + {45\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{63.81980515339463}$
Alternative with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.
$s < 63.78564927$
Beats the Göbel square.
(SVG not made yet)



9465.


$s = 49 + {69\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{97.79036790187177}$
Not optimal.
$s = 49 + {69\over 2}\sqrt 2 = \Nn{97.79036790187177}$
Alternative with minimal rotated squares found by David Ellsworth
in November 2024.
$s < 97.70584$
Beats the Göbel square.
(SVG not made yet)


For more details, see Erich Friedman's paper on the subject: Packing Unit Squares in Squares: A Survey and New Results (or David Ellsworth's edit).